The History Law
Ancient Hebrews worshipping the Golden Calf. Detail from the "Moses" panel.
The presentation of the History of Law wraps around the building in a counterclockwise procession. It is divided into four distinct phases, which represent the establishment of Law in the Ancient World, Three Important Legal Documents, English and American Subjects, and higher up on the tower, a parade of the Lawgivers who carried an upheld the law from ancient to modern times.
The panels representing the Three Important Legal Documents, the Magna Carta, the Declaration of Independence and the Drafting of the United States Constitution are referred to as pierced panels, as the carving penetrates the depth of each panel.
The Ancient world traces the development of Hebrew Law, and progresses down through the growth of Greek and Roman Law. English and American Subjects cover the medieval, renaissance and colonial law, up to the American Revolution and strongly focus on the birth of civil rights.
Anglo-Saxon law was first codified in the Sixth Century by Ethelbert after the fall of Rome, when Britain fell to the Angles, Saxons and Jutes and other Germanic tribes that established small kingdoms. Ethelbert's code limited tribal warfare and established the first English Law.
John Milton, the author of Paradise Lost, is portrayed for his oration of
the Areopagitica: the play that encouraged ancient Greeks to striv e for a purer democracy.
Areopagitica is also held up as a model for freedom of the press, where the public is allowed to distinguish between choosing truth over error. Milton had lived through the English Civil War of the mid-16th Century, and he is depicted reading the Areopa gitica to Oliver Cromwell and Parliament in his opposition to censorship.
Moses Bringing the Law from Sinai (C. 1270 B. C.) by Lee Lawrie, North Façade
Western Law traces its ancestry back to the Ten Commandments, as a primary example of laws under which people were to live. They preceded secular law, but established principals for people to live together under a common order. Here Moses brings down the tablets that God gave to him to lead his people, a seminal event in Judeo-Christian history.
Artistically, Lawrie uses Assyrian style in influencing his design. Deborah Judging Israel, (cl 970B.C.) By Lee Wawrie, West FacadeBefore the monarchy was established, charismatic judges settled disputes in the ancient world. Deborah provided encouragement to the Hebrew people as they sought liberation from Canaanite oppression. This demonstrated the covenant that God would protect his people only if they obeyed his law.
The Judgement of Solomon (c. 970 B.C.) by Lee Lawrie, West Facade
Two women claimed the same child as their own. Solomon offered to cut the baby in half to settle the dispute. Solomon reasoned that the real mother would love the child more. To this, one woman replied she would rather forfeit the child than see to see him killed. Solomon so judged her to be the true child's mother, and so awarded her the child.
Salon Gives a New Constitution to Athens (C. 579 B.C.) by Lee Lawrie, West Facade
In the 6th Century B.C., Athens was in turmoil. Solon was elected as Archon, or Magistrate in 594 B.C, He enacted new reforms that balanced the law to a more realistic and practical level, rather than a set of purely unworkable ideals. Enslaved debtors were freed, and laws were created to manage land and to coin money. He also created a peoples' assembly and the Peoples' Court.
The laws were published after sufficiently discussing and amending existing law, considering all opinions, and then incorporating these elements into this new body of law.
The laws were then adopted and established the basis of all public and private law, standard throughout the Empire.
A Roman soldier trumpets their notice. Note the characters known by their tools: the mason, the farmer, the builder and a Plebian woman behind them calling others to come see the new laws.
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The Song of Deborah: Judges Chapter 5!
The victory songs, the "Song of Deborah" in Judges 5:2 to 5:31 and the "Song of the Sea" in Exodus 15:1 to 15:20, are the oldest passages in the Bible based on their ancient Hebrew style (similar to comparing old English with modern English).
Based on language style alone both must date to before 1050 BC.
Yet the battle described in the Song of Deborah must date to
before 1174 BC when the tribe of Dan moved from the coast to conquer (or to occupy a city already destroyed) an inland city which came to be called Dan.
Deborah blames Israel’s lack of leadership for their present circumstances. She also extols the virtues of those who have risen up to lead Israel to fight the good fight. Leaders are NOT to follow their own humanitarian ideologies, but RATHER they are to obey the Word of God Roadmap to Peace is a wrong minded attempt of a President to be fair and promote peace according to his own values, apart from God'
Judges 5 1Then sang Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam on that day, saying,2Praise ye the LORD for the avenging of Israel, when the people willingly offered themselves. 3Hear, O ye kings; give ear, O ye princes; I, even I, will sing unto the LORD; I will sing praise to the LORD God of Israel. 4LORD, when thou wentest out of Seir, when thou marchedst out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, and the heavens dropped, the clouds also dropped water. 5The mountains melted from before the LORD, even that Sinai from before the LORD God of Israel. 6In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were unoccupied, and the travelers walked through byways. 7The inhabitants of the villages ceased, they ceased in Israel, until that I Deborah arose, that I arose a mother in Israel. 8They chose new gods; then was war in the gates: was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel? 9My heart is toward the governors of Israel, that offered themselves willingly among the people. Bless ye the LORD. 10Speak, ye that ride on white asses, ye that sit in judgment, and walk by the way. 11They that are delivered from the noise of archers in the places of drawing water, there shall they rehearse the righteous acts of the LORD, even the righteous acts toward the inhabitants of his villages in Israel: then shall the people of the LORD go down to the gates. 12Awake, awake, Deborah: awake, awake, utter a song: arise, Barak, and lead thy captivity captive, thou son of Abinoam. 13Then he made him that remaineth have dominion over the nobles among the people: the LORD made me have dominion over the mighty. 14Out of Ephraim was there a root of them against Amalek; after thee, Benjamin, among thy people; out of Machir came down governors, and out of Zebulun they that handle the pen of the writer. 15And the princes of Issachar were with Deborah; even Issachar, and also Barak: he was sent on foot into the valley. For the divisions of Reuben there were great thoughts of heart. 16Why abodest thou among the sheepfolds, to hear the bleatings of the flocks? For the divisions of Reuben there were great searchings of heart. 17Gilead abode beyond Jordan: and why did Dan remain in ships? Asher continued on the sea shore, and abode in his breaches. 18Zebulun and Naphtali were a people that jeoparded their lives unto the death in the high places of the field. 19The kings came and fought, then fought the kings of Canaan in Taanach by the waters of Megiddo; they took no gain of money. 20They fought from heaven; the stars in their courses fought against Sisera. 21The river of Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, the river Kishon. O my soul, thou hast trodden down strength. 22Then were the horsehoofs broken by the means of the pransings, the pransings of their mighty ones. 23Curse ye Meroz, said the angel of the LORD, curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof; because they came not to the help of the LORD, to the help of the LORD against the mighty. 24Blessed above women shall Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite be, blessed shall she be above women in the tent. 25He asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish. 26She put her hand to the nail, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer; and with the hammer she smote Sisera, she smote off his head, when she had pierced and stricken through his temples. 27At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay down: at her feet he bowed, he fell: where he bowed, there he fell down dead. 28The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice, Why is his chariot so long in coming? why tarry the wheels of his chariots? 29Her wise ladies answered her, yea, she returned answer to herself, 30Have they not sped? have they not divided the prey; to every man a damsel or two; to Sisera a prey of divers colours, a prey of divers colours of needlework, of divers colours of needlework on both sides, meet for the necks of them that take the spoil? 31So let all thine enemies perish, O LORD: but let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might. And the land had rest forty years.
The Song of Miriam, Prophetess, Aaron's Sister, Exodus 15! The Song of the Seas
Exodus 15 (King James Version)
1Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the LORD, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea.
2The LORD is my strength and song, and he is become my salvation: he is my God, and I will prepare him an habitation; my father's God, and I will exalt him.
3The LORD is a man of war: the LORD is his name.
4Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his chosen captains also are drowned in the Red sea.
5The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a stone.
6Thy right hand, O LORD, is become glorious in power: thy right hand, O LORD, hath dashed in pieces the enemy.
7And in the greatness of thine excellency thou hast overthrown them that rose up against thee: thou sentest forth thy wrath, which consumed them as stubble.
8And with the blast of thy nostrils the waters were gathered together, the floods stood upright as an heap, and the depths were congealed in the heart of the sea.
9The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my lust shall be satisfied upon them; I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them.
10Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters.
11Who is like unto thee, O LORD, among the gods? who is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, doing wonders?
12Thou stretchedst out thy right hand, the earth swallowed them.
13Thou in thy mercy hast led forth the people which thou hast redeemed: thou hast guided them in thy strength unto thy holy habitation.
14The people shall hear, and be afraid: sorrow shall take hold on the inhabitants of Palestina.
15Then the dukes of Edom shall be amazed; the mighty men of Moab, trembling shall take hold upon them; all the inhabitants of Canaan shall melt away.
16Fear and dread shall fall upon them; by the greatness of thine arm they shall be as still as a stone; till thy people pass over, O LORD, till the people pass over, which thou hast purchased.
17Thou shalt bring them in, and plant them in the mountain of thine inheritance, in the place, O LORD, which thou hast made for thee to dwell in, in the Sanctuary, O LORD, which thy hands have established.
18The LORD shall reign for ever and ever.
19For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought again the waters of the sea upon them; but the children of Israel went on dry land in the midst of the sea.
20And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances.
21And Miriam answered them, Sing ye to the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously; the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea.
22So Moses brought Israel from the Red sea, and they went out into the wilderness of Shur; and they went three days in the wilderness, and found no water.
23And when they came to Marah, they could not drink of the waters of Marah, for they were bitter: therefore the name of it was called Marah.
24And the people murmured against Moses, saying, What shall we drink?
25And he cried unto the LORD; and the LORD shewed him a tree, which when he had cast into the waters, the waters were made sweet: there he made for them a statute and an ordinance, and there he proved them,
26And said, If thou wilt diligently hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, and wilt do that which is right in his sight, and wilt give ear to his commandments, and keep all his statutes, I will put none of these diseases upon thee, which I have brought upon the Egyptians: for I am the LORD that healeth thee.
27And they came to Elim, where were twelve wells of water, and threescore and ten palm trees: and they encamped there by the waters.
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